Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Leadership Experience

Leadership experience I naturaly very communicative person and can get on with people easily. This make people around me to feel comfortable and more open. As a result it gives me an opportunity to encourage and enspire them to achieve goal. I have experienced leadership position in high school by organising various event which need to operate defferent tasks and motivate my collegue to work. Afterwards, in my recent summer internship, I explored my leadership potential by being able to conrol people at my work place during compliting the task, evethough I was a new member of company.I very value fairness. In my high school teacher were putting the grades unfairly. It was depending on personal connections, whereas meant to level of knowledge and hard work done. At the end of the studying year my tutor came to a few students and asked them to buy some presents or flowers for those teachers who did put a lower grade. So I was very unhappy about this situation, some students were studyi ng harder but got lower result. If it continuous students might not have too much interest and motivation.I came to my tutor and explained that everyone aware of their way of putting grades. I made an appointment with priciple and told him about situation and asked for some actions against this. As a result he took more close surepvisory under tutors and other teachers. I am very interested on traveling. In my young age I visited various parts of the World. I have seen developing Bali/Seichells Island/Botswana/Zimbabve/Jamaica/Cuba, progressing South Africa/Mexico/Argentina/Cayman Islands, competative Brazil and other countries.It gives me an overview of differce between regions. It is not only about language it about the whole culture. It is interesting to watch how some countries developing whereas other are already developed and fight for market place I would like to apply my theoretic knowledge into the practice. Also, I am very communicative person and I find it usefull to meet with different people in order to exchange the knowledge, ideas and expereince and I believe that Royal Bank of Scotland will be able to provide it for me!

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

“Deadly Unna” by Phillip Gwynne Essay

The novel, Deadly Unna, written by Phillip Gwynne tells the story of the multicultural bond between the Aboriginal up and coming football player Dumby Red and his loyal Australian mate Gary (Blacky) Black. There are many issues explored in the novel, such as family, domestic violence and above all, racism. Moreover, the novel demonstrates the issue of family. The Black family is portrayed as very dysfunctional. The reader understands from early on in the novel that Garry Black’s father is an unreasonable, irresponsible and violent father. Blacky demonstrates to the reader of his dad’s lack of support, when he says, â€Å"For a start I was always I bed when he (his dad) came home† (page 54). This insinuates that Blacky’s dad always come home late because he is too busy getting drunk at the pub. Consequently, due to Blacky’s dad’s absence, his mother is left to provide and play a big part in Blacky’s life. Consequently, Blacky’s f amily is faced with the problem of domestic violence. This makes the quality of living for the Black family low. â€Å"He chucked me out the of the wheelhouse, that’s how I got this† as Team-man pointed to his lip. He had been hit after his father after he turned the boat around due to his father falling asleep. The fear of being hit or beaten by their dad is not healthy at all. It all slowly builds up between all the siblings and eventually they crack and Team-man tries to kill him. The issue of Domestic violence is shown multiple times throughout this novel. Racism is very evident in this book. Being in a town like Blacky, where there is a vast spread of both whites and Aboriginies, he finds it hard too not judge them based on the stereotypes he has heard from other generations. The town is divided and usually both cultures do not mix. The Aboriginies live in the point and the whites live in the port. If an Aborigine or white are found in each other’s territory they are usually despised upon. At the pub the Whites and Aboriginals are separated and do not bond together. A tin shed down the point has clearly written in Graffiti ‘boongs piss off’ which is very racist and could’ve easily offended some of the Aboriginals. Also when Dumby dies the whites say ‘’it doesn’t matter’’ which is very disrespectful. This shows that problems involving racism and cultural indifferences in the book are so serious that they still occur in our day and age.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Asian Blepharoplasty As A Type Of Body Modification Essay

Asian Blepharoplasty As A Type Of Body Modification - Essay Example What stands out from all these procedures is the fact that body features of Whites continue to prevail among the Asian culture and to the Asians, attaining such an ideal look is worth any cost. They feel that the Western look is more appealing compared to their own looks. These procedures from the brief, fair kind ones to the most dangerous, are dynamically provoked by the fashion industry or simply wanting to look good (Joo, 2012). Many advertisements in the Asian media relate individual and professional success to people with Western and Caucasian features and clear messages that in order to achieve significant things in life, then one has to follow the Western way of life, which involves looking like them (Nguyen et al., 2009). The Western way of life demands one to have a beautiful, appealing body from head to toe. During these efforts, Asians risk affecting their well-being and financial security due to the high expenses involved in these surgeries (Chen, 2001). This risky trend should be halted, but it will not happen if Asians continue to endorse Western fashion in their own fashion industry. This research will discuss the factors that cause Asians to feel pressured to endorse Western beauty by focusing mainly on Asian Blepharoplasty. It will also discuss tough issues brought up by these societal influences and propose the resolution to this social problem. As Epstein and Joo (2013) confirm, modification of the human body has been there for as long as humans have willed themselves in order to fulfill the established modes that they feel satisfy societal standards. These modifications have been practiced in many ways and for different reasons. Historical evidence reveals that red dye removed from hematite was applied to the body with the aim of decorating it. After this, archaeological evidence confirms that over 10,000 years ago, animal bones, teeth, and colorful stones were considered as human adornments (Chen, 2001).

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Forces of Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forces of Influence - Essay Example In this way, companies are able to set how an employee should think and act for its benefit (Norton 2005). Forces of influence within business organizations can be the charismatic executives who lead and influence the company through their ideas and goals. The company’s code of conduct can also be a force of influence as it describes how each employee is expected to perform his duties and tasks. Another force of influence is the preset culture and values that the company upholds. Problem identification and diagnosis is directly influenced by forces of influence which can be illustrated by my experience in the company I worked for. It should be noted that the implementation of these forces often determine the level of power and where the power lies in order to control the behavior of others. For example, a violation of the company’s code of conduct can signal a problem within the organization. Since there are already preset rules, it is relatively easy to identify the boundaries that an employee should not cross. Thus, if the company does not adhere to the code of conduct the problem is easily identified and resolved through the use of punishments which are already laid out. Also, the implementation of the punishment is also quite easy to administer because of the presence of rules which identifies who is responsible for these

Employee Relations(Japan and Great Britain) Essay

Employee Relations(Japan and Great Britain) - Essay Example Employee relations refer to the relations existing between the employers with his or her employee. In today’s working the environment, human relations are more important than people can realize. This means employee relations are a particular issue this days because every employee shares a given relationship with his or her colleagues at the place of work. The relation in the working environment can be between any person in the organization- it can be between coworkers, between the employee and his superior, between members of management among others. It is paramount in a working place employees share a healthy and productive relationship with one another to deliver their maximum output and the best performance (Purcell 1987, pp.533–548). For long, it has been echoed out those employees who are comfortable and satisfied with their places of work play a great role in making productivity increase in every organization. On the other hand, those set of employees who are not happy have the potential to bring adversity and loss to the organizational business because their level of motivation is not at par to enhance growth. Consequently, systems are put in place in different nations to create a conducive working environment between the employees and the top management. The main objective of employee relation programs is ensuring a satisfaction of employees to harness their full potential. When employees are satisfied, their output tends to increase by that leading o full organization growth and development. In this study, we will look at the two most distinct countries (Japan and United Kingdom) in terms of their practice of employee relations ( Gunnigle et al. 1998, pp.115–131). Despite the fact there is a long history of industrial relations in Great Britain, there have been numerous changes seen over the past years in the country. In recent times, in Britain, the degree of unionization and reduction in the number of unions has been noted.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Concert Attendance Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concert Attendance Report - Assignment Example Classical at the Freight brought some of the best classical musicians of the Bay Area. I spent the hour listening to outstanding chamber music in an atmosphere that was quite friendly and informal. The musicians were seated on the stage in a semi-circle carrying different musical instruments. The bands musical instruments included violin and cello. One man played both English horn and oboe simultaneously. Wooden paneling rising vertically from the floor to the Freight & Salvage Coffee House board made the background and created a very sophisticated and peaceful environment. Peter Lemberg is SFCO principal oboist. He came to the Freight with this friskily plangent musical program for the English horn and strings. Together with All-Stars of SFCO, Peter performed the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Jean Francaix. One of the songs performed by the band was â€Å"Quatuor (1971): 1. Allegro vivace by David Juritz, Rebecca Knight†. There was a lot of variety in the music. The structure of the music was soft and smooth and had a good flow. The purpose of the music was to create an atmosphere of comfort and light joy. The tempo of the song was allegro. The volume was reasonably loud to make it audible to the entire audience. The song had a soft and smooth rhythm and the melody was sweet. The first thing that came to my mind to hear such sweet melody was Tom & Jerry Cartoons. We often hear such music played in the background in the mouse and cat chase. The song belongs to the era few decades ago, but its sweet melody and energy makes it relevant to t he audience even today. I was very excited at the concert because it had occurred more as a surprise to me since I had not planned to go there originally. I listened to the music very attentively because my friends had praised this band a lot. I wanted to know why were they such big fans of the band. I enjoyed the concert because I witnessed the perfection and extreme talent of the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Organizational behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational behavior - Research Paper Example Answer: our organization considers employees who are creative and good team players. This is because team work ensures high quality output with minimum supervision. Creative employees would be able to come up with new ideas that may prove viable in out-competing other competitors in the company. Answer: while using Maslow theory, many individuals are motivated to work harder so as to achieve a more satisfying reward. Thus, this theory proved to be important because most of our employees have to gain experience in the lower ranks before getting a promotion. Answer: with the integration of several theories, issuance of rewards to well performing employees is mostly used to motivate employees. These rewards may be in the form of promotions, salary increments or staff transfers to a more convenient environment. Moreover, the company cares a lot for the employees’ socio-welfare and health issues by providing free medical cover for common illnesses. This helps to motivate employees to work better thus resulting to quality service production. Answer: I mostly motivate myself through setting of personal goals with a view of achieving them within a given specified time. The urge to achieve the set goals motivates me to keep working harder. Also, by regarding other players in the industry as my competitors, I am motivated to work harder for fear of being failing. Answer: sometimes decision making is quiet stressful because the nature of decisions that I make affects the outcome of the company’s productivity. This always compels me to think through decisions and make resolutions in a professional way. Answer: over the long working period, I have managed to cope with stress due to constant exposure to it. However, managerial retreats and family holidays have played a key role in the stress management. Answer: the company’s team of managers has resolved to

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Current Event Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Current Event Paper - Assignment Example Contemporary events in the contemporary world relating to project management include the emergence of mergers and social corporate responsibility. Amalgamation is a conglomerate business take-over activity, which involves a lot of skills, tools, techniques and knowledge in order to meet a business’ set objectives (Project M.I, 2013). In the modern business world, take-over business operations revolve around the triple constraint project management plans for its success. Lastly, the social corporate responsibility is also an emerging contemporary issue where all the business project management operations must be ethically correct. The emergence of mergers and corporate social responsibility relates to project management concept due to these issues’ levels of technicality. Project management is a technical issue in the decision-making parameter hence without sufficient knowledge, tools and techniques project management’s goal plans are unachievable. Both the amalgamation and social corporate responsibilities, on the other hand, are inclined towards project planning life cycle (Project M.I, 2013). This makes the three concepts interrelated in business

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Brief Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brief Memo - Case Study Example As the adviser firm, Harris Associates LP was sued by Jones amongst other investors, citing – section 36(b) of the Act. From receiving an adverse finding as passed by the Illinois District Court, Jones appealed, gaining a hearing in the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals (Jones v. Harris Associates L.P., 08-586 1). However, in the end, the majority of the Court of Appeals (Maryland) did rule against the claim, citing the lack of judicial authority; regarding the legal regulation of investment company fees. In explanation, the court was of the view that the best regulator of ‘fees’ was the free market-arena itself. Further rejecting the provided line of argumentation, the court also viewed government as not being ‘in-place’; in regard to making such an assessment. Ultimately, the ideal portrayed was that of a strong free-market approach, as opposed to legislative interpretation of prevailing aspects of the existing economy (Jones v. Harris Associates L.P). In effect, the court ruled that when the settling entity/ person charged with a given trust’s (firm) administration made a given decision, it was in essence conclusive. This is in reference to – The Contractarian Basis of the Law of Trusts, 105 Yale L.J. 625 (1995) (Jones v. Harris Associates L.P., 08-5 86 1). In the case of the – Serita J. Weathersby v. Kentucky Fried Chicken National Management Co., No. 92-2360 (1993/4) Case [326 Md. 663, 670, 607, A.2d 8 (1992)] – essentially concerns discrimination within the employment sector, public accommodation and housing. Under focus is the aspect of employment litigation whereby the Maryland Court of Appeals did, and continues to emphasize, on the need of tort law; in regard to intentional infliction of emotional distress, to be utilized sparingly. This should be only in cases of opprobrious behavior that is inclusive of truly outrageous/ extreme conduct; extreme to the nature of going beyond bounds of decency, and hence

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Government in Preventing Environmental Crime Essay

Government in Preventing Environmental Crime - Essay Example South & Brisman (2013) state that some of the environmental protocols set by the international bodies include the banning of wildlife trade in endangered species under the CITES stipulations. It has been an instrumental international law that did shape the UK Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 amendments. Secondly, the illegal logging Act that protects forests from unthoughtful exploitation. Besides, the international protocols on the environment include banning of dumping hazardous wastes in water as provided in the Basel Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Act 1989. Committing any of the above crimes is liable to prosecution in accordance to international law; this should be seen being enforced by the individual government. Overview of UK Environmental Act Today, United Kingdom is among the countries that have signed several environmental and wildlife conventions are a renewed commitment to protect the environment from crime. Some of the provisions in the Countryside and Wildlife Act 1981 include banning of poaching, illegalizing unplanned logging and prevention of endangered species as provided in the CITES 1975 international protocol (Reins 2012). Since the Committee inquiry of 2004, the government commitment to protect the wildlife increased substantially, this was seen when the house of common began to deliberate on numerous amendments of the Countryside and Wildlife Act 1981, resulting in the more recent Wildlife Act 2012 Amendment. However, wildlife has been amended many times to respond to new crime threats that has become complex to non-specialist police. The year 2006 saw the enactment of law that prohibits the poisoning of birds because there were increased threats posed by poaching through poisoning. Moreover, the formation of the National Wildlife Crime Unit (NWCU) is a living testimony of the framework created by the government to enforce and repeal numerous Acts of the wildlife (Stewart 2012). However, some critics argue that wildlife crime enforcement has been greatly undermined by lack of definite sentencing guidelines for wildlife judges.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen Essay Example for Free

Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen Essay Henrik Ibsen writes realistically, meaning that he writes in a way which is relatable and constant to the time period and characters. He doesnt get overly dramatic. There are multiple themes in Hedda Gabler such as Manipulation, Wealth, Reputation, and Death. Since it is a play, it does not have a point of view. Summary Hedda Gabler is a play that takes place entirely in the living room and another room off to the side in the fashionable side of Christiana, Norway, in 1890 or earlier. The newlywed couple of Jurgen and Hedda Tesman come back from their 6 month honeymoon and wake to find that Jurgan Tesmans aunt Julle has come for a visit. This scene establishes Heddas disinterest in Tesman, as she is rude to his aunt and him. A woman named Mrs. Elvested arrives and informs the crowd that Tesmans rival, Ejlert, is back in town and she is concerned that being back in town will cause him to fall back into old alcoholic habits. Later, Judge Brack arrives and brings gossip from the town. He tells Tesman that Ejlert is a candidate for the professor position that he wants stirring up worry between Tesman and Hedda. Judge Brack and Hedda have a private conversation and decide to become confidants and Hedda confesses that she is bored with Tesman and unpleased with the house he bought her. Tesman arrives back and drinks with Brack while Hedda and Ejlert make conversation. Hedda is bored and decides to pit Ejlert and Mrs. Elvested against each other, causing Ejlert to start drinking again and upset Mrs. Elvested. Tesman, Brack, and Ejlert leave for a party that Brack is throwing. Mrs. Elvested is concerned but Ejlert promises to return to escort her home. Mrs. Elvested goes in another room to sleep when Tesman comes home. He announces to Hedda that he has Ejlerts manuscript that he dropped when he was walking home and he intends to return in. Brack arrives and informs them that Ejlert got arrested. Brack leaves and then Ejlert gets there and tells Mrs. Elvested that he destroyed the manuscript, unaware that Tesman is in possession of it. He later confesses to Hedda that he lost it and is now suicidal. Hedda gives him a pistol and tells him to die beautifully. She burns his manuscript. Act four begins with everyone dressed in black for Tesmans Aunt Rinas death. Mrs. Elvested arrives and tells everyone that Ejlert is in the hospital. Then, Brack arrives and tells them that he is dead, a gunshot wound to the chest. Tesman and Mrs. Elvested try to reconstruct Ejlerts manuscript and Brack tells Hedda that his death was messy and an accident. He also tells her that scandal will probably befall her. She goes into a side room and plays the piano for a bit before shooting herself. Conflict, Climax, Resolution The conflicts in the story are that Mrs. Elvsted is distraught and has left her husband, Ejlert could start drinking again, the Judge wants Hedda in one way or another, and Tesman has to compete for his professorship. The climax is when Hedda burns Ejlert’s manuscript and then aides in his suicide. The denouement is when the judge explains everything and Mrs. Elvested and Tesman work on reconstructing the manuscript. Character Analysis Hedda Gabler is the antagonist of the story, causing most of the conflicts. She was raised in a wealthy family and when she married Tesman she had to accommodate to much less fortune than she is used to. She is manipulative and cruel to most of the characters in the play. Jurgan Tesman is Hedda’s husband. Although he is vastly intelligent, he is oblivious to her cruelty. He tries very hard to please her and went to great lengths to buy her a house a support her and provide everything she needs. He was raised by his Aunt Julle. Judge Brack is essential to the story because he is Hedda’s closest confidant. He also brings news to the story; he serves as sort of a gossip source. He visits the Tesman residence often, as he is close with both Tesman and Hedda. Ejlert Lovberg is Tesman’s long-time academic rival. He is Tesman’s only competitor for a professorship. He is back in town and has a published novel with good reviews. He also has a manuscript for another novel. He once shared a close relationship with Hedda. Mrs. Elvested hired Ejlert as a tutor for her children but grew attached and now acts as his assistant/secretary and travels with him for his writing. She is concerned about his drinking problem. Mrs. Elvested also went to school with Hedda where she was bullied by her.

Illustrations of the text Essay Example for Free

Illustrations of the text Essay An impressive opening, a marvellous ending, an indifferent middle. Does this twentieth century comment represent to you a fair summary of Dr. Faustus? Support your views by detailed illustrations of the text. The narrative patterns of Dr. Faustus can be said to take on a loose, three-part structure, in which the first part involves the serious business of Faustus conjuring the devil, the middle involves trivial entertainment and the final section, in which the play reaches an intense poetic conclusion. It is arguable that compared to the high drama and passion evident at the beginning and end, the middle of the play has little to offer. However, despite the fact that in Faustus, Marlowe intended to portray the tragic downfall of a great man, he also included the apparently frivolous middle scenes for a specific purpose. The play opens with Faustus alone in his study, contemplating the direction in which he should take his future studies. This first speech is energetic and his words are those of a young man. As Faustus continues to reveal his dissatisfaction with the limits of human knowledge, rejecting each of the various scholarly disciplines available to him, the audience begin to become suspicious of his intentions. When Faustus proclaims that a greater subject fitteth [his] wit, and that the next step in his education must be necromancy, our worst fears are confirmed. It is important to note that whilst the modern audience may be only slightly shocked by this revelation, to Marlowes contemporaries it would have been horrifying in the extreme. In Elizabethan times, religion permeated all aspects of life, and the majority of people were devout Christians; such and explicit display of blasphemy would have been unheard of! The dramatic tension increases as the scene progresses, and Faustus arrogant proposal to try [his] brains to gain a deity confirms our opinion of him as a dangerous over-reacher. The entrance of the good and evil angels signals an opportunity for theatrical spectacle, which again helps maintain the tension of this impressive, dramatic opening scene. Faustus is seemingly unaware of these two characters (which perhaps suggests that they are rather states of mind than physical beings) but continues to rhapsodise on the varied ways he will use his power. Marlowe uses poetic language, and Faustus speech is more like a love song than a soliloquy: Ill have them ransack the ocean for orient pearl and search all corners of the new found world for pleasant fruits and princely delicacies. At this point, we are disturbed by Faustus behaviour; it is as though he is making extravagant promises to a beloved rather than seeking these things for himself. Faustus is eager to confer with his fellow scholars Valdes and Cornelius, who can be seen to represent the traditional tempters from earlier morality plays. Valdes astonishes the audience even further by promising that their satanic powers will canonise them. This implied holiness could not be further from the truth of their intentions. The first scene ends with Faustus feverishly impatient to conjure that very night. His last four words are dramatic and fearsome in the recklessness: this night Ill conjure, therefore I die. The contemporary audience, who would have believed in the immortal soul, would have been aware of the terrifying fact that if he were to die in the process of conjuring, he would spend an eternity in hell. Soon after, we meet Faustus again. The scene is pitch black and he has prepared a circle in which to conjure, and some kind of sacrifice. Marlowe uses atmospheric language such as the gloomy shadow of the earth and her pitchy breath, to evoke the tension and drama. This would have been particularly important for the Elizabethan audience who had to rely on their imaginations during the performance, rather than special effects. Faustus invocation is in Latin, which sounds powerful and sonorous. He uses a frightening mixture of the orthodox and the demonic, for example sprinkling the holy water whilst conjuring. All this convinces us that he is engaged in an extremely perilous undertaking. Some time later, once Faustus has conjured Mephastophilis, he must sign a contract which states that Satan can have his soul in exchange for 24 good years. From this point onwards tension mounts and actions follow in rapid succession until the end of the scene. Faustus must sign in blood, yet when he tries to do so it congeals, forcing Mephastophilis to go and fetch a chafer of hot coal to melt it again. This episode contributed greatly to the dramatic tension of the scene. The congealing of the blood is part literal, but part metaphorical in the sense that it is Faustus own body recoiling from the deed he is about to commit. The simple bringing of the coals in the smoking dish is also quite dramatic. The sight and smell of the flames remind the audience (and should remind Faustus) of the fact that the contract will result in his damnation in hell. The episode ends with Faustus proclamation consummatum est once he has signed. This startling blasphemy echoes Christs final words on the cross and Faustus is ironically identified with him. It is arguable that the impressive opening of the play and the dramatic scenes which follow soon after are balanced and complimented by its equally intense ending. Faustus encounters the old man when his 24 years are almost over, which signals that there is hope for his salvation, even at this late stage. It is important that the audience can still relate to Faustus and fell that he is able to make conscious decisions about his fate, all be they the wrong ones. Whilst we continue to be thus engaged with Faustus, every move he makes in this scene creates high tension and greatly enhances the dramatic quality. About half way through the scene, we witness Mephastophilis providing a desperate Faustus with a dagger to kill himself (suicide being an offence to heaven and an appropriate means of getting to hell). Although the old man talks him out of it, the audience is still wracked with suspense, particularly whilst witnessing Faustus ponder feverishly as hell strives with grace for conquest in [his] breast. However, Faustus soon reverts to his former, cowardly self when Mephastophilis threatens to tear his flesh. He instructs sweet Mephastophilis to punish the old man instead, ignoring his conviction that my faith, vile hell, shall triumph over thee. Following this episode, Faustus asks for Helen of Troy as his paramour, and speaks to her, where he advised the scholars strictly not to. We feel that Faustus must realise he has made a fatal choice -he knows that the image he sees before him is a spirit- and watch in compelling revulsion as he kisses the devil. The speech he makes is a rhapsodic love poem, which is stunning when we consider the harsh theatrical contrast between Faustus words (e. g. O, thou art fairer than the evening air clad in the beauty of a thousand stars) and the sight of the old mans flesh being torn to pieces on stage. Even more horrifying is the way in which the brilliant scholar uses the language of love poetry to damn himself, and yet the lyrical beauty of the verse remains. When he says her lips suck forth my soul, Faustus is not only using a rapturous metaphor: it is actually happening! By now, the tragedy is inevitable; Faustus has rejected all hope of salvation, and the audience wait for his impending doom with trepidation. The final scene, in which we witness Faustus death is both memorable and moving. His solitude at the end of the play compliments his solitude at the beginning, and the fact that he struggles alone maintains the dramatic tension right up until he is taken to hell. Marlowe purposefully ends the play with Faustus soliloquy, to vocalise his inner thought and emotional condition. His terror, frantic hopes and despair are all enhanced by the soliloquy, which gains dramatic power by its graphic, physical nature. In his fervour, Faustus actually tries to leap up to [his] God, but fails to do so because some infernal force pulls him down. It is a very tragic scene, particularly as Faustus in his desperation tries to conjure and command the earth to gape open but realises that o no, it will not harbour me. There is a poignant contrast between the disillusioned scholar we see here and the successful conjurer of the previous scenes. When the clock strikes to signal his final half hour, Faustus bargains frantically with God to let him live for a hundred, or even a thousand years in hell but still be saved. Upon the arrival of the devils he is seized by fear and panic, willing his soul to be changed into little water drops and imploring God to look not so fierce in him. His final desperate plea Ill burn my books is deeply moving considering the futile nature of the gesture. Whilst the tension of the final scenes is obvious, without some of the light-hearted episodes which precede it, much of the dramatic quality would be lost. For this reason, Marlowe includes a number of comic scenes to relieve some of the suspense during the middle section of the play. As well as providing entertainment and an opportunity for spectacle (for example, the slapstick comedy of the Pope scene, and the grotesque rhetoric of the seven deadly sins) these scenes also have several important points to make. A good example of this happens fairly early on in the play, where Wagner procures one of Faustus books and persuades the flea-ridden clown to become his servant. Marlowe is making the point that whilst these two characters may be banal and frivolous, they are just as capable of conjuring as Faustus! Wagner apparently has just as much success without selling his soul for the privilege. They also draw our attention to the contract which Faustus is about to make. When Wagner says that the clown would give his soul to the devil for a shoulder of mutton, though it were blood raw, we note that Faustus proposed contract amounts to something of similar value (i. e. it will gain him nothing). In this scene, conjuring is de-based so that even the illiterate clown is taught how to use black magic. This contrast with Faustus great learning demonstrates how little intellect really is needed for such pursuits. We soon witness a scene between another two comic characters, Robin the ostler, and his companion, Rafe. Robin has stolen one of Faustus books and wishes to use it to gain sexual experience. Whilst this amuses the audience, we are also reminded to reflect on the unfolding tragedy. Whilst the ostlers may be venturing in too deep, they are innocents and their desires amount to little more than a few silly capers. When we compare this to Faustus feverish necessity to push the boundaries of human knowledge we become aware of just how dangerous the situation is. As Faustus begins to age, he too appears to become aware of the consequences of his actions. The amusing trick he plays on the horse-courser in scene ten plunges him into a despondant mood, forcing him to reflect upon his fate. He is now using his powers on even lower forms of entertainment than he did by making a mockery of the Pope in scene seven. He realises that he has done nothing special and is yet but a man, which is enforced by the horse-coursers callous assumption that he is a horse doctor. In Elizabethan times, such a profession would not have been highly respected, and Faustus is outraged that this is how he is being perceived. In conclusion, I would say that although the main dramatic events of the play occur either at the beginning or at the end, the middle scenes also have value and interest. Whilst Marlowes main intention for the comic scenes was to provide amusement for the audience and some respite from the tension of the main plot, they also contribute significantly to some of the main themes of the play by comparing Faustus behaviour to that of his contemporaries, and thus drawing our attention to the gravity of his actions.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay Research both past and present into solid waste in Nigeria like most developing countries with an absence of adequate solid waste management system has been focused more on adequate collection and disposal options than on the waste generators, storage or even an avenue for waste reduction which aids in reuse and recycling, hence creating major gaps. These gaps are areas that need to address to ensure that there is a sustainable management of solid waste generated to prevent environmental hazards. 2.1.1 Purpose of the Literature Review This chapter review gives an overview of the situation of solid waste management in developing countries critically examining and summarising studies by various researchers in academic books, professional and academic journals, published and unpublished works and electronic media. This literature review would aid in identifying appropriate methodology to achieve the aim of this research. In addition, source separation a relatively understudied concept has been identified and recommended by many researchers as an avenue for waste reduction. It has also been suggested as providing alternative means of practicing proper waste management apart from collection and disposal. (Cointreau-Levine Gopalan, 2000:Imam et al, 2008) This study into institutional solid waste management with the aim of identifying dynamics that influence/affect separation at source at households in the campus will create a means of addressing waste reduction and proper implementation of solid waste management options. According to UNEP (2005), the logical starting point for the proper management of solid waste is to reduce the amounts of waste managed, either informally within the generators site or formally (externally) by another entity once the waste is discarded by the generator. Thereby reducing waste quantities collected or otherwise managed. 2.1.2 Literature Search The search for literature can be very time consuming and futile if proper strategies are not developed. To aid in the literature search, the following was prepared: Firstly, the topic, boundary (Developing countries: Nigeria) and problem statement was agreed on. Then I identified of the disciplines with a stake in solid waste. They include: Health, Science and Technology Waste Waste Management Environmental Urban Secondly, Keywords broad and narrow were developed. They are: Municipal Solid waste , Solid waste Management Institutional Solid Waste Separation at source , Source separation Waste segregation, separation Household solid waste manag* Participation/Incentives in solid waste Motivating factors, attitudinal behaviours Solid waste management in Nigeria University of Benin To this end, the author sought the advice of the WEDC resource centre manager. She showed me books and journals on solid waste (management) but told me that most of the journals were available online for latest on any research and my search will be more extensive using the internet. She also recommended the use of Loughborough University, search engine Metalib, for searching and interrogation of the various databases for articles and journals on the subject matter (Science direct, CSA illumina) Following her recommendation and my initial write up, a data interrogation search was done using Metalib on the following database using the keywords above, either truncated, with * or adding two keyword together using the OR because the AND was giving irrelevant data . Environmental Sciences and Pollution management Abstracts (CSA Illumina) Aqualine (CSA Illumina) Science Direct From this site, the following journals were found with relevant data. Waste Management Waste Management and Research Habitat International Environmental Management Resource, Conservation and Recycling Google Search Engine and Goggle Scholar were searched using the keywords above. The sources of information obtained include: More Journals articles from the above stated journals Solid waste Management Volume 1:United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP) J.C Agunwanba:(Google scholar) with articles on Waste management in some parts of Nigeria The World Bank; Urban Solid Waste management (community initiatives) WEDC WELL factsheets and studies: solid waste management I chose this approach to ensure an extensive and appropriate search in all areas of solid waste management and Research into developing countries of which Nigeria is apart. My use of the Internet was to ensure that as many recent journals, conferences and researches in Nigeria are available for scrutiny. This systematic review will initially focus on identifying waste characteristics and components, then the roles and involvement of the different stakeholders, their attitudes and perspectives towards waste and finally the different concepts of source separation as it is practiced. This would help in analyzing and recognizing the past and present problems and solutions in cities and universities in developing countries especially Nigeria. The summary section would scrutinize the methodologies used in the above reviewed literature and its adaptation for use in this research. Also included are the main findings from the reviewed literature and the gaps in knowledge this research aims to address. 2.2 Solid waste management practices in Developing countries. In an attempt to accelerate the pace of its industrial development, an economically developing nation may fail to pay adequate attention to solid waste management. Such a failure incurs a severe penalty later in the form of reusable resources needlessly lost and a staggering adverse impact on the environment and on public health and safety.(UNEP, 2005) This is the problem presently facing most developing countries: rapid population growth due to rapid urban development hence more waste to manage. (Singhal Pandey, 2001) 2.2.1 Waste Generation and Composition The saying goes that if you can measure it you can manage it this is a viewpoint that is especially important and a solution that most developing countries have not been able to accomplish in solid waste management. There is no measure of the waste generated and so management becomes difficult and inefficient. According to( Vaughan , 1971), information on the composition and quantity of solid waste is indispensable to design, implementation and operation of any solid waste management system of today and helps to forecast the requirements of tomorrow. As stated above most developing countries are plagued with solid waste management problems that are degrading the urban environment and posing a serious threat to the natural resources and consequently holding back development (Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) solving this problem will require knowledge about the per capital waste generated, composition and also attitudes towards waste. The authors found that there are many variables that affect the composition and the quantities of waste generated this include population growth, the socioeconomic factors (income, education, age, land ownership) which is the reverse for most developed countries. The major constituents of developing countries waste is about 66% organic, which is about 30% of the total waste generated showing that composting, would be a very good way of waste management (recycling). (ibid) 2.2.2 Institutional Arrangement The key institutions responsible for solid waste management services include public sector, formal private sector, informal private sector and community based non-governmental organisations. (ABC, 1988) The proper identification of their roles and responsibilities has been cited as a major influence in a sustainable solid waste management. At present, the public sector is responsible for service delivery of solid waste management in most developing countries and they are finding it difficult due to the rapid explosion in population growth hence more waste to manage. Some major problems that affect the municipalities inadequacy to provide good solid waste system include poor planning, lack of experienced staff, inappropriate equipments and technology, insufficient funds and landfill sites for disposal.( Coad, 2005: Hossain Siwar 2002). Collection, transportation and disposal have been a major problem in delivering efficient solid waste management services. In India cities collection efficiency is between 40 -70 % due to inadequate transport capacity and deficient workforce even with the municipalities allocation of 85-90% of the total budget to the service (Nema, 2004: Sharholy et al 2008) To rectify this inadequacy and provide better services some sources have recommended institutional changes like privatization transferring of the responsibilities to private sector while the public sector deals with policies and regulations (Hossain Siwar, 2002: Cointreau-Levine et al, 2000: World Bank,2003). The authors have argued that privatization will reduce the burden on government, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of municipal solid waste (MSW) services, decreases costs, source reduction and improve recycling thereby reducing the waste that goes for final disposal and increasing the life cycle of disposal sites. They also state that this can only work with sustainable frameworks supported by viable government policies and regulations. Poor solid waste management creates serious threat to human health and well-being especially with indiscriminate open dumping which clogs drains and sewerage creating breeding grounds for rodents and insects leading to disease spread and ground water contamination.( Majani,2000:Gonzenbach. Coad, 2007: Kumar et al, 2009) To aid in proper solid waste management certain cities have set rules (Bennagen et al ,2002: Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009) to necessitate the mandatory segregation of waste at generators level and also the concordance between collection and disposal facilities to ensure the establishment of local recycling and composting plants. The study showed that households were ready to participate and their participation would increase if there was going to be regular collection, variable user charges and appropriate garbage collection i.e. not collecting both recyclables and other waste in the same vehicle. (Bennagen et al., 2002) Informal Sector The role of the informal sector (waste pickers, scavengers, sweepers) in solid waste management is identified as been crucial in waste reduction though to what amount it cannot be effectively determined.(Wilson et al , 2006). Most of their activities are driven by the need to supplement income and to reduce poverty. They operate at all levels in the solid waste chain from generation to disposal removing the recyclables and trading it. These waste pickers with organisation and support would create jobs for the minority in the society, reduce poverty, save municipalities money, improve industrial competitiveness, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. The government in many developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, India, Uruguay, Colombia, Mexico have identified the necessities of recognising and identifying this stakeholders especially in light of attaining Goal 7 of the millennium development goals thereby creating an inclusive, socially desirable, economically viabl e and environmentally sound solid waste management system. Waste pickers activities are recognised for their role in reducing the waste to be collected transported and disposed e.g. Jakarta 25% reduction. (Medina, 2008) 2.2.3 Attitudes and Preferences Attitude is termed in this study as the feeling and thoughts while perception is insight and awareness which encourages participation. To ensure the sustainability of any SWM system there has to be a change of government perception to that of recognising the importance of people. The current global challenges of urban solid waste (Ali, 2006(Ed)) states demand a people centred approach, change in public attitude to consumption and increased relationship between the people and the government. With new approaches to waste management to tackle the challenges of the increased waste generated by the population, increased cost of waste management leads to increase user charges. This (ibid) stated will only be sustainable if the government recognises the importance of people in planning, designing and operating any solid waste system. Bisson (2002) stated that since waste is a product of human behaviour, to maintain a good waste management we need information on the behaviour and attitude of people with regard to waste and accurate data on waste generation Source separation and other recycling practices at households is greatly supported in its role to reduction of waste, municipality costs but in practice might not be successful because of the understanding of funds and the workload involved. (Chung S.S C.S Poon, 1996: Ghorbani et al, 2007). The authors concluded that economic incentives as well as education about environmental benefits of waste separation by householders would result in active participation of people in separating wastes in the home. Chung S.S C.S Poon (1996) further found that consumption rate might increase if waste is recycled hence education awareness programs. They suggested that the involvement of all household members and not only the housewives, binary not multiple separation schemes will further increase its success rate. One likely consequence of households paying close attention to their refuse is that people will become more aware of the waste they generate and will become less wasteful thus saving resources and further reducing collection costs. (Kassim, 2006) Various authors (Bennagen., June 2002: Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) have reported that there is an eagerness for communities to participate in solid waste management schemes, pay for services but the payment should not be unit but as per user and with government support. 2.2.4 Source Separation Source separation according to GDRC (n.d) is the setting aside of compostable and recyclable materials from the waste stream before they are collected with other MSW, to facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting. During the UN conference in Johannesburg in 2002 reduction of waste through source separation was affirmed as one of the steps, which the local government can implement to maximize environmental sound waste use, recycling and diversion of useful materials from the waste stream. Facing the problems of solid waste management, (Strange, K 2002: UNEP, 2005) argues can be done through plans and programs which encourage source separation and this he stated will help in minimising waste for disposal. Schà ¼beler et al (1996) further added that the introduction of source separation ought to be in a pragmatic and incremental manner beginning with pilot activities to access and encourage the interest and willingness of users to participate. In most developing countries, the practice of source separation is by the informal sector at a very small scale. In cities of developing countries, source separation provides a means of employment, reduces the total amount of waste for disposal, and at landfills through the support of governing bodies and community based organisation (Lardinios Furedy, 1999: Fehr et al, 2009) Waste separation increases the quality of produced compost and recyclables, and optimizes incineration. It also enables better financing of waste management activities and minimizes the energy and labour inputs to any downstream processes (Murray, 1999). Source-separation pilot programs have been tested in some developing countries but total recovery of recyclables have been hindered due to the large amount of water contents in the waste and high percentage of food waste food waste (Zhuang et al,2007: Tadesse., 2008), The motivations for materials separation and reuse in developing countries include: scarcity or expense of virgin materials; the level of absolute poverty; income supplement, the frugal values of even relatively well-to-do households; and the large markets for used goods and products made from recycled plastics and metals. (UNEP, 2005: Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009: Fehr et al, 2009) Fehr et al (2009) further recommended the introduction of legal instruments within a municipal model that mandate source separation and encourages educational and legal measures for solid waste management success. (Joseph, 2006; Zhuang et al, 2007: Fehr et al, 2009 agree that any source separation program needs people centred participation, monitoring, awareness creation and support. Below are some of the advantages of source separated over co-mingled waste Table 1 Separate/mixed collection Separate Collection Mixed Collection Extends landfill life. Removes potential recyclables from the waste stream. Lowers net disposal costs. Done by the household. No extra cost for the community. Highly applicable to residential waste. Industrial waste may be recycled through industrial waste exchanges. An effective and reliable tool for recycling. Can be implemented on small-scale, then expanded. Recyclables are usually uncontaminated by garbage and other debris It is not time or space consuming for the residents. The facility does not need additional space to handle recyclables. Basic technology is needed The effectiveness of the collection system does not depend on how people prepare recyclables. There is no need for established secondary markets Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Mediterranean Region ( ) 2.2.5 Solid waste practices in universities of developing countries Higher institutions have the responsibility of having high moral and ethical obligation to the environment because they are expected to produce leaders in environmental protection movement. Armijo de Vega (2008) research acknowledges the good use of campuses as a case study for solid waste management (SWM) options for the following reasons; Not much has not been reported on the topic, They been independent to a great extent, campuses can accommodate pioneering SWM approaches that can filter down to other communities later, Thirdly, since it involves students at various levels it can serve to sensitize as well as easily train them in good SWM practices, and Finally, SWM practices adopted by higher education institutions have a great potential of being adopted by surrounding communities because these institutions generally are held in high esteem. The efforts towards responsible waste management should stem from these institutions. Besides, appropriate waste management would bring benefits to the institution such as a reduction of the financial resources destined to waste management, but, above all, it would set an example to the students and the community. (Mbuligwe .2002: Maldonado, 2006) Furthermore the authors discovered that the type of waste generated on campus (recyclables and organic) provides a lot of avenue for reuse, recycling and recovery thereby reducing the quantity of waste disposed in landfill by more than 60%.(ibid) 2.3 Solid waste management Practices in Nigeria 2.3.1 Waste Composition Nigeria is a nation that exemplifies chronic solid waste management problems in conjunction with population growth. It is the most populous country in Africa, with over 120 million residents (World Bank 1996), and over the past 50 years, has had the third largest urban growth rate in the world at 5.51% annually (UNWUP 1999). In Nigeria though there has been some studies into the determination of waste composition and generation to enhance the provision of solid waste management services, this studies are outdated (Adedibu 1985) or have been done at the landfills (Mbuligwe., 2002). This does not take into consideration the quantities of waste that are separated by the waste pickers and animals before collection. (Ogwueleka, 2009: Iman et al 2008 ) agree that indistinctive legislative policies and regulation, lack of data on the generated waste, inappropriate technology for collection and disposal, no planned framework and inadequate population characteristics are some of the factors affecting the knowledge of municipal solid waste composition in Nigeria to develop better disposal methods. Other factors include political, economic and social. The majority of substances composing municipal solid waste include paper, vegetable matter, plastics, metals, textile, rubber and glass (Ogwueleka, 2009:Imam., 2008). They found that the major component of solid waste is organic waste (40-64%) which is wetter, corrosive with high density (Ogwueleka, 2009)and agree that composting will be an adequate solid waste practice to reduce the waste especially (Iman et al 2008) with the removal of government subsidies for the sale of fertilizers creating a market for it. Controlled landfill (Adedibu, 1985) stated is another SWM option for disposal. This is not recommendable because of the complex technology and funds which the government cannot provide. Efficient recycling and composting could save 18.6% in waste management costs and 57.7% in landfill cost (Agunwamba, 1998). Waste characteristics vary according to season, population, climate, and industrial production, the size of markets for waste materials and the extent of urbanization, effectiveness of recycling, and work reduction. (Ogwueleka, 2009). Other factors affecting increased waste generation among residents in Nigeria cities are change in social economic and educational circumstance. 2.3.2 Attitudes and Perceptions According to (Agunwamba, 2003: Iman et al 2008) public awareness, social ideals, beliefs and attitudes to waste can affect all stages in the solid waste management process. This has an impact on household waste storage, waste segregation, recycling, collection frequency, littering and fly-tipping (illegal dumping), willingness to pay for waste management services, and the level and type of opposition to waste treatment and disposal facilities. In Nigeria, the general public attitude towards waste management is poor. . A man may live in a neatly kept house but refuse to cooperate with his fellow residents in keeping the surroundings of the building clean. As long as the waste materials are not inside his house, he feels no concern. Government attitude towards solid waste management is the introduction of in appropriate technology without the consultation of the people using the services (Agunwamba, 1998). In addition, they consider the informal sector a menace (Ogwueleka, 2009) and try all means to eradicate them. Most Nigerians associated wealth with lavish spending, which generates much waste as a by-product. They perceive waste pickers/workers as poor and so make little or no effort to cooperate in waste management activities. Similarly, in homes waste removal to bins classified as childrens work. Since the bins were not designed with, their small stature wastes are dumped on the ground, creating more work for the waste workers and increasing collection time reducing efficiency. (ibid) As for the waste workers, poor remuneration and stagnation in promotion has created a reduced interest in proper solid waste management. They go about doing their jobs haphazardly. The poor attitude to waste been exhibited can be changed with proper enlightenment programs and patient extension efforts that are reinforced continuously even after project completion. This will negate ignorance, materialistic tendencies, and apathy and reinforce their responsibility to the environmental. (Agunwamba, 1998) 2.3.3 Institutional Arrangement With knowledge of the illegal dumping of toxic waste in June 1988, (Adegoroye., 1994) the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was created. The landmark Federal legislation on environmental protection in Nigeria was the decree Number 58 of 1988, which established the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The specific role of FEPA with respect to solid waste management is to (Onibokun, 1999): Study the most reliable systems that are appropriate for local, domestic and industrial wastes. Specify waste disposal and treatment methods that take into consideration the geological and environmental setting and encourage recycling. Specify waste disposal sites that guarantee the safety of surface and underground water systems. Set up and enforce standards for adequate sanitary facilities for the disposal of human and other solid wastes in dwellings, housing estates and public facilities in both urban and rural areas. Establish monitoring programmes including periodic surveillance of approved waste disposal sites and their surroundings and waste water systems. Establish monitoring stations for the control of the disposal of leachate from dumpsites into surface water and groundwater systems Under this Act, all states and local government set up their own environmental protection body for the protection and improvement of the environment within its jurisdiction. In 1999 (Ogwueleka, 2009), FEPA was taken over by the Federal Ministry of Environment to combat some of the challenges faced which include absence of pollution waste management laws, lack of environmental enforcement, funding, role conflicts power play between FEPA workers and some powerful individuals whose companies not ready to pay for services. It still conformed to all the regulation stated above but even with this change of hands, there was still inadequate provision of solid waste services in Nigeria. According to (Imam et al, 2008: Ogwueleka, 2009) solid waste management in Nigeria is characterised by in efficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper disposal. Lack of institutional arrangement, insufficient funds absence of standards and by-laws, insufficient information on waste composition and quantity, inflexible work schedule and inappropriate technology transfer are the common constraints faced by environmental agencies in solid waste management.75-95% of the revenue of solid waste is spent on collection and disposal and only 40-70% is collected from the urban areas. Most of the rural areas have no SWM facility. Presently emphasis is been focused on better institutional arrangement through privatization and less on collection and disposal due to the inadequate government service delivery. Privatization is been tested in cities like Abuja (Imam., 2008), Lagos (Ogwueleka, 2009) and Benin (Ogu., 2000) but have not improved the service delivery due to all the factors above including corruption, lack of planning of route service delivery, affordability and acceptability. Finally, (Ogwueleka, 2009) argued that since in Nigeria there is an abundance of cheap labour the use of a low capital cost and labour intensive solution that reduces poverty will be preferred. It should include low technology like handcarts and pickup trucks for collection, informal sector involvement (waste pickers), training, local waste recycling and reduction projects, transfer stations to reduce operating cost, community participation and involvement. In conclusion Adegoreyo, (1994) stated that stable leadership and firm commitment of government in formative years to any enforcement programme with set goals, objectives and responsibilities including capacity building should be uttermost to ensure the improvements. 2.3.4 Source Separation Studies into source separation in Nigeria though it is highly relevant according to most researchers are not been preformed. (Onibokun., 1999: Ogu., 2000: Agunwamba, 2003).This has constrained the author to review literature of other developing countries, implementation methods and success rate of source separation to infer if it will adequate for Nigeria. The scavengers do little or no form of recycling it is more of reuse. (Agunwamba, 2003) Informal Practices In Nigeria, gifts of clothes and goods to relatives, charities, and servants as a means of source separation are significant in waste reduction. However, the greatest amount of materials recovery is achieved through the following: (a) Itinerant waste buyers (IWBs): These are waste collectors who often go from door-to-door, collecting specific recyclable materials and/or organic wastes from households, which they buy or barter. Individual IWBs tend to specialize in one or two kinds of materials. (b) Street waste picking: Secondary raw materials recovered from mixed waste found on streets or extracted from communal bins before collection. (c) Municipal waste collection crew: Secondary raw materials recovered from vehicles transporting waste to disposal sites. (d) Waste picking from dumps: Waste pickers/ scavengers sort through waste before it is covered at the site of final disposal, which is still generally open dumping in Nigeria. (Wilson et al, 2009) From the point of view of waste reduction, the traditional practices of repair and reuse, and the sale, barter, or gift-giving of used goods and surplus materials are an advantage to the poorer countries. Quantities of inorganic post-consumer wastes entering the MSW stream would be higher if these forms of waste reduction did not exist.(UNEP,2005) Formal Practices. There is no formal practice in place for source separation at present although Federal Ministry of Environment (2000) specified in the Blue print for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Nigeria that separation at source is one of the viable alternatives/complement to an integrated solid waste management programme. 2.3.5 Solid waste practices in universities in Nigeria 2.4 Solid waste practices in University of Benin, Benin-City Solid waste management in the university is the collection and disposal of waste. The waste generated is placed in bins for collection. There is no informal sector to do any separation though some of the waste workers salvage the useful recyclables for reuse but this does not even account for up to 1% of the total amount generated. Most times the waste generated is so much that not all the waste is removed during collection so decomposition begins on the left over waste, which will cause bad odours and breeding grounds for rodents and disease carrying insects. Some leachates are also produced which might pollute the land and water around. The final disposal site for the waste is an open dump that allows further pollution because there is no control over waste deposited or the by-products of open dump disposal. Without adequate attention, there is a major risk to the health of the staff and students in the university and to the environment. 3. Summary of Literature Review 3.1 Methodologies Most of the researches into waste characterization were studied using quantitative and qualitative methods (questionnaires, interviews, observation, focus groups and fieldwork) this is to ensure the viability of the studies and close the loop (Chung S.S Poon C.S.,1996: Ghorbani M. et al , 2007:Imam., 2008). For sampling, random sampling was employed since some information about the sample space is known

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Can Power Corrupt You? :: essays research papers fc

The power of language is indisputable. Being unable to ‘fit in’ because you cannot communicate effectively with the dominant discourse puts you at an enormous disadvantage. Those who know how to use the dominant discourse effectively and to their own advantage will be more powerful. People use their knowledge of the power, inherent in the mastery of discourses, to manipulate others. Many texts show evidence of this. In fact, some texts actively criticise those, who less than ethically utilise their mastery of discourses to achieve their own ends. The media actively utilise their understanding of the dominant discourse to support many agendas. Novelists over the years have shown the ill-effects on individuals who might suffer through not mastering the dominant discourse. Those who know how to use a variety of discourses will become more powerful. Those who have difficulty with discourses will end up being alienated. Alienation is the result of being unable to use other discourses or refusing to engage in the dominant discourse. One can gain power by preventing alienation of oneself and sublimating others via the use of alienation. Alienation is represented in all texts and films to effectively manipulate the minds of readers, so that they can compare their experiences with the characters in the narrative. This is clearly represented in the novel, â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, when the character Winston, challenges the dominant discourse. Another example can be seen in â€Å"Frankenstein†, by Mary Shelly where Victor is alienated because he disobeyed ‘the rules’ of the dominant discourse. The media however, uses a variety of discourses to manipulate the reader’s mind. Foregrounding certain topics and purposely leaving out certain information (silencing) are also techniques to use ‘the power of language’ to their own advantage. These techniques are used to convince the pubic, of a particular issue. To many people, this is like ‘brainwashing’ society. Novelists express the abuse of power, such as ‘brain washing’. â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley, gives an excellent example of this. He wrote: â€Å"To make them love it, is the task assigned in present day totalitarian states, to ministries of propaganda...†. thus, through hynopeadic teaching (brain washing), essential attendance to community gatherings and the use of drugs to control emotion. This was the dominant discourse of the characters. From this, it can be noticed that the ones in power can abuse their authority and lead to corruption. A great representation of abuse of authority and corruption, is seen in â€Å"1984† and â€Å"Brave New World†.

Executive Summary of the Hispanic Market Essay -- Hispanic Culture Mar

Executive Summary of the Hispanic Market â€Å"Latinos are changing the way the country looks, feels, and thinks, eats, dances, and votes. From teeming immigrant meccas to small-town America, they are filling churches, building businesses, and celebrating this Latin heritage.... In America, a country that constantly redefines itself, the rise of Latinos also raises questions about race, identity, and culture – and whether the United States will ever truly be one nation.† (Larmer, pg. 50) This passage aptly describes the dawning of a new ‘enlightenment’ era in the United States. Marketers are beginning to focus on an emerging market known as the Hispanic/Latino community. The sheer strength of the Hispanic market can no longer be avoided as marketers are realizing that traditional methods of reaching a generalized market segment do not apply to the complex Hispanic culture. In the last half of the 20th century, the size of the Hispanic market in America grew exponentially. Traditional attempts to capitalize on the Hispanic market failed in large part to stereotypes and cultural myths. A new focus was necessary to attract, reach and retain the market. In order tackle this potentially lucrative market, marketers need to understand the cultural attributes that define the Hispanic market. Their primary focus is to understand the statistical values that characterize the group. Census figures over the last thirty years clearly illustrate a pattern of growth, not only in population, but in wealth and education as well. Clearly, this is becoming a stronger, savvier and better-educated market. As marketers become better acquainted with the Hispanic market, they have found several attributes that are typical of the Hispanic culture and influence in America. They first need to understand that the term â€Å"Hispanic† is a broad generalization of several cultures and races, each with distinct characteristics and values. Once an understanding that many subcultures encompass the Hispanic community, marketers can disseminate the target market and address those characteristics shared amongst the Hispanic community. Level of acculturation, brand loyalty, language, religion and a strong sense of family are those shared traits that need further study in order to properly understand what Hispanics believe, care for and personify. Once a deeper comprehension of the Hispa... ...d Asians. New York, NY: American Marketing Association. 1987. Guernica, Antonio. Reaching the Hispanic Market Effectively; The Media, the Market, the Methods. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1982. Larmer, Brook. Latino America. Newsweek, July 12, pg. 50-58. 1999. Noriega, Chon and Ana M. Lopez, Eds. The Ethnic Eye: Latino Media Arts. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 1996. â€Å"Riverside† Webster’s Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary. 1998 Rodriguez, America. Making Latino News; Race, Language, Class. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 1999 Roslow, Peter, and Janel Therrien Decker. A Guide to Building Market Dominance: Case Histories in Hispanic Marketing. Roslow Research Group Inc., 1998. United States Census Bureau. â€Å"Census 2000†. Washington: Census.gov. 2002. http://www.census.gov. (30 Sep. 2002) United States Census Bureau. â€Å"Historical Income Tables-Households†. Census.gov. 2002. http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h05.html. (30 Sep. 2002) Valdes, M. Isabel. â€Å"Marketing to American Latinos; A Guide to the In-Culture Approach†. Ithaca, NY: Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. 2000. Whitefield, Mimi. â€Å"Mining the Market† The Miami Herald 17 Oct. 2001, C1+

Friday, July 19, 2019

Health and Happiness :: Happiness Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the fall semester of 2004 I participated in a program to improve my habits of healthy living. I set goals for myself in four different areas, Exercise, Nutrition, Sleep, Social or Family Time, Play/Laugh/Create and, Spiritual development. During the three months of September, October and November I experienced some challenges and some successes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the area of exercise my beginning goal was to play soccer every day and try and lift weights at the gym. This started out really easy because I had soccer everyday and lifted weights on a consistent basis. After the season was over I have found that it has become more difficult to be discipline about running and lifting weights due to trying to improve my grades from the lack of effort during soccer season.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next area I would like to talk about is the nutrition area. I have found this category to be one of the most consistent areas to keep going. It is not very hard to eat something healthy with every meal. But, I have found now that I have more time on my hands it is easier to eat more junk food than I would like to because I just eat what ever looks good to me at the time. I do not think about what I am eating like I did at the beginning of the semester.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third is the Sleeping category which was the easiest for me to keep up with. I am one of those people that if I do not get enough sleep the night before it is hard for me to function that next day. So, I have tried to get a minimum of seven hours of sleep every night. It does not seem like a hard task but when you are in school, playing a sport and having a relationship with a girl it is hard to get seven hours of sleep every night. I figured out how to keep on a consistent basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The social/family time was a good one to have. It helped me talk to my parents on a more consistent basis. By talking to them it made me feel like we had a good trustworthy relationship with them. There were also times when I found myself not talking to them because I was to bust with either school soccer or my girlfriend. But, for the most part I felt this was beneficial for my relationship with my parents.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

How hard is hardware disease

As a husbandman is walking through his field one forenoon, he spots a small spot of rusty woven wire that has been knocked from the fencing. He keeps walking by and does non believe anything else of the woven wire piece. Why would he? It ‘s merely a small piece of metal right, no harm will be done ; he can ever pick it back up the following clip he comes through? Wrong, metal, of any sort that has been left out in the field with farm animal is a danger to the animate being every bit good as the husbandman. This is because the animate being could perchance devour the metal and contract what many carnal scientists know as hardware disease. Hardware disease can strike any ruminant at any clip after the metal is consumed. If the metal is in the right topographic point at the incorrect clip the husbandman loses his farm animal. The proprietor needs to be cognizant of the definition, marks, intervention and bar of hardware disease for their animate beings. Some inquiries that a husba ndman may hold when raising cowss and worrying about hardware disease can be how will this impact the cowss that are raised? Will the animate being ‘s public presentation go down? How dearly-won is this disease? How fast can the carnal be affected by the disease? Is it treatable? How can the husbandman prevent hardware disease? Does the disease affect cowss that are a certain age, or does it count? When it comes to hardware disease many persons are non truly certain what it is. Hardware disease in layperson ‘s footings can be classified as a disease where the animate being ingests a metal object into their Reticulum. Once the metal gets into the Reticulum, it becomes difficult to free and will frequently clip remain at that place in the cow until it dies of natural causes. Sometimes though, the bovine that ingests metal will hold a serious job really fast. The animate being, if the hardware does acquire lodged into the Reticulum has a opportunity in puncturing the Reticulum. If this does go on of class the animate being will hold some kind of infection Oklahoman or subsequently. The animate being could besides decease, rapidly. Harmonizing to the University of Missouri frequently times hardware disease is caused by any signifier of a crisp object that makes its manner through the tummy wall and finds its manner to the bosom ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cowss ingest the foreign object, normally something like a nail or a little piece of wire that is left after a fencing occupation, it may happen its manner to the bosom therefore killing the animate being in a painful mode ( UoM 1993 ) . More frequently than non you can normally happen the object in the chamber of the tummy known as the Reticulum ( UoM 1993 ) . The Reticulum is the portion of the cow ‘s tummy that is like a baseball baseball mitt it catches all of the foreign stuff that should non travel through a cow ‘s enteric system but allows feed to go through through ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cow moves or does something to do any type of musculus contraction the foreign object may be forced through the wall which may do incursion to the stop and or bosom pouch ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease is the common name for traumatic gastritis and traumatic reticulates. Cattles that have traumatic gastritis are classified into three groups, sub-acute local, chronic and acute diffuse type. As of right now there are two types of intervention for traumatic gastritis conservative and rumenotomy. A cow that has acute diffuse peritoneal inflammation has a really high opportunity of being fatal, but if it is treated with antibiotics through an intra-peritoneal injection may hold a little opportunity of recovery ( Yoshida 1984 ) . Traumatic reticulates is normally found in older cowss where a piece of foreign object penetrates the wall of the Reticulum during the remastication procedure ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) . Following infections spread along the object to countries around the venters, bring forthing abscess and adhesions, in some instances the object will travel through the thorax leting for there to be abscess in the thorax, and during terrible instances the i nfection goes to the exterior of the bosom. ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) But some still refer to its scientific name of Traumatic reticuloperitionitis, and is really non a disease at all. Harmonizing to Oregon State, and West Virginia University, Hardware disease is a mechanical hurt to the Reticulum that is caused when a bovine ingest crisp metal objects such as nails, prison guards, and little pieces of wire ( OSU 2009, WVU ) . Basically, the animate being will consume the metal out in a field or in a hay bale. For hardware disease to take impact the animate being has to consume the metal. Although, the animate being can consume crisp fictile objects every bit good as crisp stones or other objects and hardware disease will be the consequence. Basically, anything that is difficult, crisp and pointy could perforate through the animate being and cause hardware disease. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains it like this, when cowss ingest spots of foreign objects in the signifier of nail, wire, plastic, or anything else that can puncture a hole in the side o f the Reticulum. The objects move into the Reticulum or are able to steal yesteryear and move into the first stomachs. They are so pushed over the ruminoreticular crease by contractions. The objects end up in the reticulo-omasal opening is where the foreign object tends to incorporate heavier objects located in the Reticulum, while form object frequently get stuck in the honeycomb-like reticulas mucous membrane traps ( Merck Veterinary Manual 2008 ) . The University of Missouri extended services states that 55 to 75 per centum of cowss slaughtered in the eastern portion of the United States were found to hold hardware in their system. ( UoM 1993 ) It is a admiration that non all cowss have a job with hardware disease. This merely concludes that hardware may be in the system of the cowss but non bring forth any harm to the digestive piece of land. This is no ground for the husbandman non to clean up his Fieldss. There is ever a opportunity that the cowss will non hold a job, but so once more there is ever a opportunity that there will. No 1 should take the opportunity like that with their animate beings. For the cow, when it ingests a foreign object the actions that the tummy takes may coerce the object through the Reticulum wall ( Thomas 1998 ) . The danger of this is that one time the foreign object such as a nail, piece of wire or even a form stone makes its manner through the wall it has a high opportunity of puncturing a critical organ ( Thomas 1998 ) . When it comes to seeing marks of hardware disease it depends on the topographic point that the object penetrates. During the early phases of hardware disease, during the first twenty-four hours the Reticulum has been penetrated, the symptoms may be confused as sings of dyspepsia and in a grain provender carnal ague saccharide overload ( Thomas 1998 ) . Any animate being that goes through dyspepsia is unwilling to eat or make much of anything, irrespective of the cause. A few of the most common marks that you will see are the animate being will be in a hurting and besides the animate being will non hold an appetency ( UA ) . The animate being will besides stand with an arched dorsum or be unwilling to walk ( WVUE ) . All in all, the animate being will be in uncomfortableness. Besides, when the cow may be forced to walk you can frequently hear it doing a grunting sound. This is because the animate being is in hurting. If the object somehow penetrates around the bosom and happens to migrate forward that it will do an infection that is most frequently fatal. The infection will happen merely if the animate being does non decease instantly. The University of Missouri explains, the redness will annoy the pneumogastric nervus, the pneumogastric nervus controls the first stomachs contractions and the pneumogastric disturbs this action. When the pneumogastric nervus is irritated the consequence is bloat, these symptoms may lessen and even disappear within on e to seven yearss, but may reoccur shortly afterwards. ( UoM 1993 ) . Another mark that may be present in the cow is when you look at the jugular channel you are able to see the vena ( WVUE ) . When seeking to calculate out whether or non it is really hardware disease, the diagnosing is made on observations of any of the clinical marks above. There is non a 100 per centum guaranteed that it is hardware because there are so many other diseases that are present with the same marks. All in all a withers trial can be done by squashing the anchor of the cow merely above the withers to see if the carnal oinks. This shows that the hurting is located in that front half of the cow ( WVUE ) . In cowss, â€Å" if peritoneal inflammation is terrible, the animate being may decease within a twosome of yearss † ( Thomas 1998 ) . If the cow has chronic peritoneal inflammation than it you may non see the symptoms for months but the animate being will be in changeless uncomfortableness ( Thomas 1998 ) . Therefore, if hardware disease is happening the animate being in inquiry may merely non be making so good but hardware disease is a an error because it is non seeable, which should be followed by an scrutiny by an veterinarian ( Thomas 1998 ) . It is much easier to forestall any kind of disease instead than handling it or seeking to bring around it. It is besides non merely easy but cheaper in the long tally to forestall the diseases. The easiest manner to forestall hardware disease is make certain that you pick up each and every piece of metal that is out in the field, that includes every nail that you drop while nailing up boards, every piece of barb-wire that you cut off, every bit good as the little nuts and bolts that everybody tends to drop. The figure one bar method revolves around the direction of the eating and croping countries to avoid the consumption of foreign objects. If grazing lands are managed right for feeding and graze, the husbandman should ne'er hold to worry about their carnal acquiring hardware disease. There is plentifulness of information available on the cyberspace and in veterinary offices. There is besides adequate information available from the local extension office every bit good as several bo oks to forestall about any curable or treatable disease. Companies are besides assisting out with the job of hardware disease by seting magnets in provender Millss and eatage harvest home equipment, although these are non 100 per centum they help. Metal is non the lone object that the cowss will consume, they will on occasion consume fictile point therefore a magnet will non because it will non be able to maintain the point in one topographic point ( WVUE ) . As everybody knows we can non alter the eating wonts of cowss, so accordingly we have to happen other methods of maintain the metal fro harming the farm animal. One method that works is to infix a magnet in to the cow at an early age, the metal that is eaten will more than probably happen its manner to the magnet and halt there and travel no farther. The magnet is merely able to make so much so if the cow is demoing marks of hardware disease so it would be necessary to infix another magnet. The magnets are reasonably inexpensiv e and will assist out in the long tally. They merely cost about two to five dollars and if you are able to acquire them back from the slaughter house they are even cheaper. Magnets are a batch less in expensive than the cost of surgery ( WVUE ) . With any disease, the bar of the certain disease is a batch cheaper than the cost of surgery or intervention. The easiest thing to make for any husbandman is to maintain all metal out of the field and out of range at all times. Cattle should besides be kept off from any building site because they are able to pick up any loose stuff that finds its manner into the field and besides they might seek to acquire to things that are on the other side of the fencing when they are running out of eatages in the field that they are in. Any loose stuff that is in or around a field that can do jobs for farm animal should be picked up to forestall any kind of hardware disease job. There have been several documented instances in the universe for cowss that have had jobs with hardware disease. In 1999 Rancher Janie Easterbrook claims that the contact that her cowss had with a lodging development caused them to acquire hardware disease. She told the newsman that spots of metal can remain in the tummy for a long clip before they do any harm. Hardware disease can strike at any clip and all it takes is emphasis or anything that causes the tummy to contract. In the cowss happenings such as, gestation will travel the metal object through the wall, along with tummy contractions and external respiration. The cow could be traveling the right manner at the incorrect clip to do the metal in the Reticulum to be a job. The necropsy studies on her last three cattles, listed the cause of decease to be hardware disease. Easterbrook stated that since she had been raising cowss in 1993 she had ne'er lost a cow to hardware disease ( Buckly ) . Let ‘s take for case that cow an grownup cow cost around 1500 dollars and a calf cost around 600 dollars. In a herd of 100 cattles and 50 calves if you lose 6 cattles and 3 calves so you are losing over 10 thousand dollars due to a disease that is non truly a disease. In any instance, even if merely one cow in your herd of 100 dies, that is still one cow excessively many. It is about absurd at the proprietor ‘s ignorance if the carnal gets hardware disease. There is excessively much information available online and in any carnal related office non to be cognizant of th is disease. Once the proprietor is cognizant of the disease, it is improbably easy to forestall it. If you are non able to forestall your cowss from acquiring hardware disease so the following best thing is intervention. The best thing for you to make in fixing you cattle for hardware disease is to believe as if your cow has hardware disease. This means puting a magnet in the cowss ‘s bow tummy. ( WVUE ) Besides harmonizing to the University of Missouri, another intervention is to put the front pess of the cow on a platform someplace about 6 to 8 inches off the land as this may halt the foreign object from traveling frontward ( UoM 1993 ) This method of intervention takes approximately 10 to 20 yearss, besides the husbandman should administrate antibiotics to will maintain the spread of infection down ( UoM 1993 ) . There is a 20 to 30 percent addition of recovery when you are able to catch hardware disease early ; unlike if you let it travel untreated there is an 80 – 90 per centum opportunity of decease. ( MVM 2008 ) Another intervention is surgery called rumenotomy which means that you have to manually take to object or objects, besides the physician needs to look for abscess on the Reticulum so that they can be opened up and drained back into the Reticulum ( MVM 2008 ) . If the bovine does hold this process done, at least some signifier of antibiotics need to be administered ( MVM 2008 ) . The veterinary intervention for hardware disease includes the usage of an anti-bacterial to command the redness of the peritoneal inflammation and besides a magnet is given to halt it from go oning once more ( MVM 2008 ) . Like many husbandmans may cognize, Penicillin is a really effectual antibiotic. It is inexpensive and easy to administrate and can be really effectual against hardware disease. Cows that are affected, like any animate being that has a disease or enfeebling upset should be placed off from the remainder of the herd for at least 1 to 2 hebdomads ( MVM 2008 ) . The cow needs to be kept comfy every bit much as possible and by all agencies, dem ands to hold the hazard of deeper incursion cut down. When handling for hardware disease, the usage of unwritten or Four fluids should be administered whenever they are needed to maintain the carnal healthy during this clip ( MVM 2008 ) . The IV fluids will maintain the cow from acquiring dehydrated, besides if the animate being is unable to eat during this clip and unable to ruminate, the IV fluids will be of aid. With IV fluids, about anything can be placed in them, like electrolytes and other beginnings of foods to maintain the carnal alive. In some cases, the cow may profit from first stomachs vaccination ( MVM 2008 ) . This is good because first stomachs vaccination can help with the loss of normal vegetations and ruminal stasis in the intestine ( MVM 2008 ) . With cowss that have more of a terrible instance of hardware disease, instances that will be you more in the long tally if you try to handle them necessitate to be looked at through an economic point of view, if the cow h as no value so they should be sent off to butcher if they are able to go through the review that a batch of slaughter houses have ( MVM 2008 ) . The proprietor must retrieve if a bovine of all time gets into this muss, that it is wholly 100 % preventable. Picking up wire and other metal pieces will extinguish the hazard of the cowss acquiring this disease in your herd. If any cow in your herd were to acquire hardware disease the proprietor must cognize the forecast for the animate being if they opt to handle them. Any proprietor who has an animate being that is sick in any manner needs to cognize the hazards of the intervention and of the complaint it has. For any disease the definition of forecast is the idea of what the result might be in the terminal ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease, for the animate being ‘s forecast, it differs from each animate being as no 2 are every truly the same ( UoM 1993 ) . The proprietor and veterinarian, when make up one's minding to handle an animate being with hardware disease ; needs to find how long the status has been present so that they can do a proper intervention program ( UoM 1993 ) . Like any animate being, the badness of the disease will change among the person. A good, accurate veterinary will see everything before doing the concluding determination ( UoM 1993 ) . A veterinarian or an proprietor that merely goes in handling the cow without doing an accurate diagnosing will more frequently than non run up a good sized vet measure and could do the animate being more jobs. By and large, when handling hardware disease, the forecast for the animate being is pretty decent. The major point of this disease that keeps being repeated is that hardware disease is wholly preventable. More frequently than non, the proprietor is wholly incognizant that the animate being could contract hardware disease. A field that looks all nice and green without weeds and is clean will be thought to be less likely to do such a disease. When proprietors and other people think of hardware disease and how it is caused, many can visualize a field that is cluttered with metal and any type of debris available on the land to be picked up. Even though a field does non hold metal cluttered all over does non intend that there is some at that place. William claude dukenfields need to be check exhaustively before seting cowss in the field, or any animate being for that affair. If the husbandman does look into the Fieldss before the farm animal are put in at that place, so more frequently than non, the farm animal will populate and bring forth for many old ages to come. Another thing any manufacturer needs to be cognizant of is all the informational benefits they have. A husbandman can travel on-line anyplace in the state and happen information on hardware disease, every bit good as other diseases. If the husbandman is unable to acquire on-line to seek these diseases, the local veterinary and extension agent should hold more than adequate information on the disease. If all else fails, the manufacturer can happen information in books and diaries and magazines. With a small cleanliness in the Fieldss and around the feeding countries cowss should hold a smaller opportunity of acquiring hardware disease. So the following clip you are sauntering through a field and see a little piece of metal, no affair how little it is, retrieve, you could salvage your farm animal ‘s life and salvage you several 100s, if non 1000s of dollars in veterinary measures.Plants CitedBarringer, Sam. Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . [ Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] Available from: hypertext transfer p rotocol: //www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/hwaredis/hwaredis.htmuckly, Thomas. Hardware Disease is ranking rural Ranchers [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1999 Sep 9 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.press-enterprise.com/newsarchive/1999/09/25/938237021.htmlGadberry Shane, Jeremy Powell. Nutritional Disorder in Beef Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Arkansas [ Cited 2009 Nov 11 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-3071.pdfMerck Veterinary Manual [ Internet ] . Merck & A ; Co inc. [ Updated 2008 ; Cited 2009 Nov 8 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp? cfile=htm/bc/21706.htmMoseley, Bonnard L. Hardware Disease of Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Missouri [ Updated 1993 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx? P=G7700Thomas, Heather Smith. Hardware in Cattle [ Inter net ] Oliver Del Signore [ Updated 1998 ; Cited 2009 Nov 17 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.countrysidemag.com/issues/93/93-6/hardware_in_cattle.htmlTorell Ron, David Thian. Back to Basicss: Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . Oregon State University Extension Service [ Updated 2009 Oct ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.oregonstate.edu/malheur/sites/default/files/LS_October09.pdfTraumatic Reticulates [ Internet ] . National Animal disease information service [ Updated 2007 ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/241/traumatic-reticulitis-wireYoshida Yasuyuki. Total and differential leucocyte counts of Traumatic Gastritis Classified under three types in Dairy Cows [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1986 Sep 10 ; Cited 2009 Nov 7 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/society/38-2608.pdf

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Developmental Writing Stages

Introduction The instruction process of reading, penning and speaking for chel atomic number 18n are taught at home and at school. While reading ofttimes begins with recognizing the letters of the alphabet and matching purloin letters to the skillfuls, the makeup process is a method of connecting quarrel to print. When a chela starts to hold a crayon, his process of learning to salve commences. As writing is a developmental process that nipperren go with at their profess pace from apiece one writing stage is an important discover that offers children the time to explore and experiment with their throw writing.These stages overlap as children progress and refer the writing stages at different ages. developmental Stages of paternity Based on the whole shebang of Richard Gentry and The Conventions of create verbally developmental photographic plate, there are eight stages of writing development namely scribbling, letter-like symbolisms, strings of letters, fount s ounds erupt, consonant translate terminology, initial, midway and final sounds, transitional manikins and standard magic drop a lineing (Fox chapel domain of a function shoal District, 2008 Hudon, 2007). At the scribbling stage, the childs markings are large, circular, random, resembles drawing and includes exploratory movements (ibid.). Marks are often sporty colored and are the result of slam the drawing nib on paper, dragging, or sweeping as the child is solely starting to get acquainted with the tool (Bailer, 2003). As the child draws, his or her worry may be elsewhere. At the letter-like symbol stage, put is rarely present and the child begins to produce letter-like draws that show slightly simile to the letters that are randomly determined and interspersed with numbers (Fox chapel Area cultivate District, 2008 Hudon, 2007).The children can also discuss their own drawings or writings (Crosby & Ongie, (n. d). Children write some(prenominal) legible lette rs in corking letters that do not take aim appropriate matching of letter and sound at the string of letter phase (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000). The writings do not hold back spacing and the first letters to front in their writing are normally found in their names. Although unrecognizable, children may take on to read their message (McCardle, 2008)At the beginning sounds emerge stage, children begin to see the difference among a letter and a word, unless they do not pulmonary tuberculosis spacing amongst words (Fox chapel Area prepare District, 2008 Hudon, 2007). Their message makes sense and it matches the picture, specially when they personally choose the topic (ibid. ). The children drop some letters to match sounds and use a beginning letter to map the whole word (McCardle, 2008). At this stage, children race to reverse letters and words as they explore the physical properties of print (Crosby & Ongie, (n.d). The consonants represent words stage shows that children be gin to resign spaces betwixt their words, may often riffle upper and lowercase letters in their writing and write sentences that tell ideas (Fox chapel Area School District, 2008 Hudon, 2007). At this stage, they write words with beginning and ending sounds and hug drug some high frequency words decent (McCardle, 2008). This is also known as the semiphonetic stage where children write with appropriate letter and sound matching and with spacing between words (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000).Children who are at the initial, middle and final sounds phase may spell correctly some sight words, siblings names, and environmental print but other words are spelled the way they sound (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008 Hudon, 2007). This is also the phonetic stage whereby children write with appropriate letter and sound matching for all sounding phonemes in each word (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000). A readable, interspersed with words writings that follows the standard form and letter patterns a re at the transitional phase (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008 Hudon, 2007).This writing also approaches conventional spell (ibid. ). Children at this stage are writing words the way they sound, leave spaces between words, use punctuation marks, spell some(prenominal) high frequency words correctly and write one of more sentences (McCardle, 2008). Finally, at the standard spelling phase, children can spell most words correctly and are developing an understanding of root words, meld words, contractions and spelling patterns (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008 Hudon, 2007 Meek & Vandermeer, 2000).This is also known as the conventional stage of writing. Conclusion tout ensemble children go by means of the developmental stages of writing. Although some may be more in advance(p) than the other, all children pull up stakes go through the stages at different ages as each child is unique. It is important to prepare the youthfulness childrens mind and body by incorporating som e home and school activities that will help them explore the printed form of language.ReferencesBailer, K. (2003). developmental Stages of Scribbling. Great Barrington, MA Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http//k-play.com/pdf/The%20Developmental%20Sta.pdf.Crosby, J. & Ongie, A. (n.d.). Early Writing Experiences A Parents devolve to Early Writing Experiences for Preschoolers. East Tennessee nominate University Child Study Center. Retrieved April 23, 2008 fromhttp//sig.cls.utk.edu/Products/SIG_Early_Writing_Experiences_Flyer.pdf.Fox Chapel Area School District (2008). The Developmental Stages of Writing. Retrieved April 23, 2008 fromhttp//www.fcasd.edu/j_district/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=773&Itemid=98Hudon, L. (2007). Knowing Your Child as a Writer. Yarbrough Elementary School. Auburn, AL. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http//www.auburnschools.org/yarbrough/lphudon/Reading%20Coach/knowingyourwriter.htmMcCardle, L. (2008). Early Writing Development. Retrieved April 23, 2 008 fromhttp//www.lindaslearninglinks.com/earlywrtgdev.htmlMeek, N. and Vandermeer, M. (2000). Process Writing. rockets Fern Bluff Elementary, Round Rock ISD. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http//teacherweb.com/TX/BlacklandPrairieElementary/MrsTamaraBrinkley/ProcessWriting.ppt.